Women joined and actively participated in abolitionist organizations such as the Anti-Slavery Society; they sponsored events such as the Anti-Slavery Convention of American Women. In July 1848 they were finally able to call together a group together for the first national convention devoted to the issue of womens rights, the Seneca Falls Convention. The daughters of a prominent slave owner, they spoke of their personal knowledge and experience of the system. The Latter Day Saint Movement (of which the Church of Jesus Christ and Latter Day Saints, popularly called the Mormons, is the most important branch) also was born in the Burned-Over District during the era of the Second Great Awakening. Education would "equalize the conditions of men.". David Walker, an African American abolitionist, called for a unified global black voice against slavery in his Appeal to the Colored Citizens of the World. - the intent to remake human beings into free, morally upright citizens. The Society grew quickly and soon had spread across the country. \text{Employee Payroll Expense}&& 3,000,000\\ In the decades prior to the Civil War, reformers in the U.S. looked to Europe for models of social and political change. \quad\text{Total Shareholders Equity}& \$11,000,000 &\$ 7,800,000\\ Many were pacifists, who believed that coercion should be eliminated from all human relationships and institutions. He planned his revivals in great detail as a kind of popular spectacle as well as an event that inspired religious reform. The ideals of the Second Great Awakening played a large role in the development of this reformist impulse. The Second Great Awakening and the movement in religious revival in the United States had a profound impact on the United States. We also acknowledge previous National Science Foundation support under grant numbers 1246120, 1525057, and 1413739. \text{Capitalized Lease Obligation}& 1,020,000& 1,100,000\\ Faster, MaleFemale23021820249048\begin{array}{rr}\text { Male } & \text { Female } \\ 230 & 218 \\ 20 & 24 \\ 90 & 48\end{array} Religious reformers preached that individuals were responsible to seek out their own salvation and hoped to regenerate and perfect society through individual conversions. Legal. k. Give the journal entry that explains the change in the treasury shares during 2013, Chicago Corporation The sisters spoke before state legislations and were among the first women to speak in public forums before mixed sex groups. The Unitarian church shared the optimism of the Second Great Awakening. The exhibits present a partial set of financial statements of Chicago Corporation for 2013, including a consolidated statement of income and retained earnings for 2013 and consolidated comparative balance sheets at December 31, 2012 and 2013. The book reports that there, Jesus visited the Nephites after his crucifixion and resurrection. Many of the congregants were literate, including Vesey himself. Her body, her possessions (Except personal items), her children. However, the modern-day Seventh Day Adventist Church later grew out of the Millerite movement. The majority of the members of the Society favored including women in the governing structure of the organization; the more conservative members broke away from the Anti-Slave Society to form the American and Foreign Anti-Slave Society, which excluded women. Women were sick of oppression and it was time to finally fight for equal rights; while the African Americans were to get more rights it was only right for the women to gain these rights as well. \text{Income Taxes Payable}& 430,000 &300,000\\ \textbf{Shareholders Equity}\\ The church encouraged the formation of an extremely tight-knit community, driven by a strong sense of social obligation and a law of tithing which required Mormons to give 10% of their property at conversion and 10% of their yearly income thereafter. In 1823, Smith recounted that an angel named Moroni had visited him. Simplify!"; and the minister Theodore Parker's close association with the radical abolitionist John Brown. Revivalist preachers traveled on horseback, sharing the message of spiritual and moral renewal to as many as possible. A popularized outlook by way of revivals. \text{General Corporate Expenses} &&420,000\\ A woman could not have a personal bank account (In England until the 1960s, a woman could only have a joint bank account with her husband. Veseys plan called for teams of rebels to attack targets such as the arsenal and guardhouse. The amendment was passed after years of efforts by temperance societies throughout the country. One means of teaching these values was through the series McGuffeys Readers, a series of texts that taught not only spelling and vocabulary, but also punctuality, frugality, and temperance. Unlike other reform movements, womens rights challenged the notion of separate spheres and the idea of true womanhood. Historians Ellen Carol DuBois and Lynn Dumenil argue that womens rights challenged the most basic idea of true womanhoodthe selfless nature of womenbecause womens rights advocacy led women to insist that they had the same claim on individual rights to life, liberty, property, and happiness as men. The work to achieve the vote made no substantive progress in the antebellum period. \end{array} Revival and Religious Change. Black and white abolitionists often had different agendas by the 1840s, and certainly in the 1850s. d. 12.0012.0012.00 For the most part, it appealed to the elite of society. Tax-supported state school systems open to all children. The Americans made up a tiny minority of the population but dominated Liberian politics until the 1980s. One of the defining characteristics of the Second Great Awakening was large gatherings at religious revivals. Turner himself evaded capture for months. White abolitionists warned him that people would cease to believe that he had ever been enslaved if he sounded too educated and advised him to leave the complex analysis to the whites. \quad\text{Total Revenues}&& \$16,120,000\\ \text{Equipment Mortgage Indebtedness}& 332,000 &1,300,000\\ In the South, the movement became more conservative over time, and generally supported the system of slavery. Many colonizationists believed African Americans slavery and racism were so deeply embedded in American life that blacks could never achieve equality if freed and allow to in the country" ( Foner, Eric. \text{Machinery and Equipment}& 8,000,000 &7,300,000\\ Accessibility StatementFor more information contact us atinfo@libretexts.orgor check out our status page at https://status.libretexts.org. December 31 By helping others, they asserted their worth while at the same time alleviating social ills. \text{Equity in Earnings of Affiliates:}\\ The influence of reason and rational thought is most clearly expressed in what religious tradition? Not all preachers took the same attitude towards women as Finney; many preachers in the north turned to the same passages and idea of Christian men as patriarchs to their wives, female relatives, and children that were used in the South to reassert the dominance of white males. Antebellum Reform Americans after 1815 embraced many religios and social movements in pursuit of solutions for the problems, evils, and misfortunes of mankind. \text{Convertible Preferred Stock}& \$ 2,000,000 &\$ 2,000,000\\ - common school and institutions were open to all children (free training for individuals). Mann and others charged public schools with teaching not only academic subjects, but also morality and discipline. \quad\text{Average Shares Outstanding)} &&\$ 2.68\\ The antebellum reform movements came soon after the market revolution. Also, become productive, self-disciplined citizens. \text{Less: Dividends on Preferred Shares}&&(120,000)\\ Black lay-preachers, not ordained but appointed by the church or community to lead services and preach, became important speakers for and within free and enslaved communities. \text{Other Current Liabilities}& 460,000 &200,000\\ \quad\text{Total Property, Plant, and Equipment}& \$10,000,000 &\$ 9,400,000\\ \text{Salaries Payable}& 300,000& 240,000\\ For the most part, colonizationists accepted the idea of black inferiority. The abolitionist emblem - a portrait of a slave in chains coupled with the motto "Am I Not a Man and a Brother?" Moreover, cultural, social, and political tensions arose between the foreign American population and the local population in Liberia. )%2F13%253A_Antebellum_Revival_and_Reform%2F13.01%253A_Religious_Reforms_in_the_Antebellum_United_States, \( \newcommand{\vecs}[1]{\overset { \scriptstyle \rightharpoonup} {\mathbf{#1}}}\) \( \newcommand{\vecd}[1]{\overset{-\!-\!\rightharpoonup}{\vphantom{a}\smash{#1}}} \)\(\newcommand{\id}{\mathrm{id}}\) \( \newcommand{\Span}{\mathrm{span}}\) \( \newcommand{\kernel}{\mathrm{null}\,}\) \( \newcommand{\range}{\mathrm{range}\,}\) \( \newcommand{\RealPart}{\mathrm{Re}}\) \( \newcommand{\ImaginaryPart}{\mathrm{Im}}\) \( \newcommand{\Argument}{\mathrm{Arg}}\) \( \newcommand{\norm}[1]{\| #1 \|}\) \( \newcommand{\inner}[2]{\langle #1, #2 \rangle}\) \( \newcommand{\Span}{\mathrm{span}}\) \(\newcommand{\id}{\mathrm{id}}\) \( \newcommand{\Span}{\mathrm{span}}\) \( \newcommand{\kernel}{\mathrm{null}\,}\) \( \newcommand{\range}{\mathrm{range}\,}\) \( \newcommand{\RealPart}{\mathrm{Re}}\) \( \newcommand{\ImaginaryPart}{\mathrm{Im}}\) \( \newcommand{\Argument}{\mathrm{Arg}}\) \( \newcommand{\norm}[1]{\| #1 \|}\) \( \newcommand{\inner}[2]{\langle #1, #2 \rangle}\) \( \newcommand{\Span}{\mathrm{span}}\)\(\newcommand{\AA}{\unicode[.8,0]{x212B}}\), 13.2: Cultural Movements- Transcendentalism, Utopian Communities, and the Cult of Domesticity, Second Great Awakening in the South and in Appalachia, Catherine Locks, Sarah Mergel, Pamela Roseman, Tamara Spike & Marie Lasseter, source@https://oer.galileo.usg.edu/history-textbooks/1/, status page at https://status.libretexts.org. Dix was instrumental in motivating a state role in the creation of these facilities. As the movement progressed throughout the South, the many preachers used Biblical passages to support and bolster the institution of slavery and the role of white man as patriarch in model of the Old Testament: master to slaves, women, and children alike. Two of the leading figures of the womens rights movement met at the 1840 World Anti-Slavery Convention in London. Margaret Fuller - wrote, had the same right to develop their talents, to "growto live freely and unimpeded.". In 1821, the ACS helped to establish the colony of Liberia on the west coast of Africa and assisted some 13,000 slaves and free blacks to emigrate to the colony. In later years, the Society provided the founding impetus to the Liberty Party, a political party with an abolitionist platform. 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In part, this was achieved by a certain theatricality of preaching. The reform impulse was not solely confined to the United States; Europeans were also in the midst of their own reform efforts. Both were popularly-rooted movements that emphasized conversion and a spiritual rebirth through personal religious experiences. During this same period, debtors prisons began to disappear as reformers advocated reforming the poor rather than imprisoning them. The development of separate northern and southern economies, westward expansion of the nation, and a spirit of reform marked the era. b. c. 1,341.001,341.001,341.00 \quad\text{Chicago Finance Corporation}& \$1,800,000\\ \text{Certificate of Deposit}& 225,000& \\ "In the history of the world," Ralph Waldo Emerson declared in 1841, "the doctrine of Reform had never such scope as at the present hour." Not much a joiner of causes himself, Emerson had in mind a remarkable flowering of reform movements from roughly 1815 until the Civil War that were striking to observers at the time and to historians ever since for their energy, variety, and . e. 111.78111.78111.78. Key figures in the abolitionist movement were William Lloyd Garrison, publisher of The Liberator and Frederick Douglass, who was born a slave and rose to prominence as an author, orator, and abolitionist. "gentlemen of property and standing" (p. 453). \text{Income TaxesDeferred}&& 170,000\\ Many of his followers sold their worldly goods and gathered either in churches or in fields to await the arrival of Jesus. Garrison refused to become more moderate in his demands, and The Liberator was published continuously for the next 35 years until the end of slavery in the United States. Required What were the diverse sources of the antebellum women's rights movement? Although black and white abolitionists worked closely together in the movement and usually worked well together, African Americans experienced racial prejudice even within the abolitionist movement. TEMPERANCE. Reformers argued that education prepares youth for social and civic duties as adults. Preachers of the revival movement preached the equality of all before God but generally did not challenge the institution of slavery in much of the South. In 1836, when abolitionists began to flood Washington with petitions calling for emancipation in the nation's capital, the House of Representatives adopted the notorious "gag rule," which prohibited their consideration. \text{REVENUES}\\ In the early decades of the century, several groups emerged as colonizationists. These groups sought to remove blacks from the United States either through emigration or through the creation of colonies in Africa. To what degree was antebellum reform international in scope? \text{Depreciation of Plant and Equipment and Amortization}\\ Antebellum reform was international in scope . Abolitionism was perhaps the most radical of the reform movements of the era. Throughout the country, preachers like Peter Cartwright and Charles Grandison Finney created such excitement with their sermons that their audiences became excessive and downright wild. All true Christians, according to Finney, should aim at being holy and not rest satisfied till they are as perfect as God. The religious music and hymns written during the era also helped draw crowds to the revivals; they appealed the common individual by using familiar melodies from popular music and featured folk instruments that many could play, such as the fiddle. By the end of the 1830s, the Society had grown by leaps and bounds, with more than 1,300 chapters and almost 250,000 members. In the 19th Century's Antebellum Era, Americans began several social reform movements influenced by transcendentalism and the Second Great Awakening. The African Americans wanted equal rights and so the white Americans imposed that they would let them go back to Africa and have their freedom. Give Me Liberty! ) They found a lot of support abroad and there were many books and article published form other countries supporting reform . While not all Americans were active in the various reform movements, taken together, the reform impulse was a powerful force that characterizes the antebellum era. Many women had greater freedom of expression in the church, but far fewer were granted leadership roles and authority. For the most part the reforms were a part of internal turmoil and the international scope was very limited. In 1822 , a former slave named Denmark Vesey planned to lead eighty slaves in a revolt in Charleston, South Carolina. The account spoke at length of Turners religiously informed views of slavery and of his interpretations of the Bible. Old patterns were breaking down, and many felt that the country had become a moral vacuum. Urbanization and immigration also provided a new concentration of the poor. The new Protestant denominations, most prominently the Baptists and Methodists, grew in strength and numbers. Gabriel, a blacksmith, was often leased out to work for others; in this more relaxed system, he was able to move more freely and recruit conspirators, a pattern that was only enhanced by the summers revival meetings. Questions relating to the financial statements of Chicago Corporation follow. State colonization movements emerged as well, leading to the establishments of African colonies such as the Republic of Maryland and Mississippi in Africa. The experiment in Liberia proved to be, in many ways, a failure; hundreds died from disease soon after emigrating. Elizabeth Cady Stanton raised the issue of woman's suffrage for the first time, the principal author, modeled the Seneca Falls Declaration of Sentiments on the Declaration of Independence - the document added "women" to Jefferson's axiom "all men are created equal." Saw both individuals and society at large as capable of indefinite improvement. The Unitarian church was most popular in New England and was centered in Boston. \text{LIABILITIES AND SHAREHOLDERS EQUITY}\\ The utopian communities challenge existing ideas about property and marriage by prohibiting sexual relations between men and women altogether, others allowed them to change partners at will and the abolition of private property must be accompanied by an end to men's property in women. \text{Income TaxesCurrent}&& 1,430,000\\ Kentucky Congressional representative Henry Clay argued for colonization because of the unconquerable prejudice against blacks in the United States. Finney also encouraged women to speak publicly in witness or testimony in these mixed-sex gatherings. She conducted an eighteen month study of the jails and almshouses of Massachusetts and, in 1843, made a presentation to the Massachusetts legislature, reporting that the mentally ill were housed in cages, closets, cellars and pensChained, naked, beaten with rods, and lashed into obedience. A movement for change was already underway when Dix began her campaign for reform; for instance, Quakers had already founded several asylums for treatment. \text{Sales}&& \$13,920,000\\ Harriet Beacher Stowe's novel was to some extent modeled on the autobiography of fugitive slave Josiah Henson. -The Owenites originated in Britain and that practice made its way to Indiana, which makes it international in scope because it aimed to spread the ideas of this society around the world. There have been many movements over time that has led America to where we are today. Do not delete this text first. In the first issue of the Liberator, he made a public apology for ever advocating a gradual end to slavery and called for its immediate end. Early nineteenth-century America was a time of reform. Add texts here. Hudson River school of art: Americans painters also sought to achieve a sense of nationality in art. Douglass was perhaps the most famous, influential, and vocal black abolitionist. The struggle to end slavery has a long history both globally and in the United States; indeed, the struggle to end slavery emerged at roughly the same time as slavery itself. The Burned-Over District was not only the site of revivals of the Protestant denominations of the Second Great Awakening, but also the birthplace of new religious movements such as the Millerites, a millennial group who preached that the Second Advent (or second coming) of Jesus was imminent. \quad\text{of \$100,000 in 2012 and \$160,000 in 2013)}& 600,000 &500,000\\ In many cases, within the Garrisonian movement in particular, the role of the black speaker or the black writer or the black abolitionist was, in some ways, prescribed, as the famous case of Frederick Douglass' relationship with the Garrisionians. The bonds between British and American reformers can be traced throughout the many social improvement projects of the nineteenth century. The Unitarian movement spread through many of the Congregationalist churches of the area. In the South, the Second Great Awakening fomented rebellion in the slave community. What were the major goals of antebellum reform? This experience empowered many women, who were encouraged to speak out, show devotion, and express themselves as spiritual equals. What is its accounts receivable turnover? In Appalachia and the South, the Second Great Awakening brought a sense of community and provided entertainment in isolated rural and frontier areas. These communities differed greatly in structure and motivation. There was a rise in literacy due to a few revolutions that sparked hope and motivation among blacks who suffered through slavery. The convention ended with the issue of the Declaration of Sentiments, a document that largely paralleled the Declaration of Independence, and leveled a series of charges against the patriarchy of the United States that had been the source of the oppression of women. This is especially true of the Baptist church; independent black congregations were founded all over the South. )%2F13%253A_Antebellum_Revival_and_Reform%2F13.03%253A_American_Antebellum_Reform, \( \newcommand{\vecs}[1]{\overset { \scriptstyle \rightharpoonup} {\mathbf{#1}}}\) \( \newcommand{\vecd}[1]{\overset{-\!-\!\rightharpoonup}{\vphantom{a}\smash{#1}}} \)\(\newcommand{\id}{\mathrm{id}}\) \( \newcommand{\Span}{\mathrm{span}}\) \( \newcommand{\kernel}{\mathrm{null}\,}\) \( \newcommand{\range}{\mathrm{range}\,}\) \( \newcommand{\RealPart}{\mathrm{Re}}\) \( \newcommand{\ImaginaryPart}{\mathrm{Im}}\) \( \newcommand{\Argument}{\mathrm{Arg}}\) \( \newcommand{\norm}[1]{\| #1 \|}\) \( \newcommand{\inner}[2]{\langle #1, #2 \rangle}\) \( \newcommand{\Span}{\mathrm{span}}\) \(\newcommand{\id}{\mathrm{id}}\) \( \newcommand{\Span}{\mathrm{span}}\) \( \newcommand{\kernel}{\mathrm{null}\,}\) \( \newcommand{\range}{\mathrm{range}\,}\) \( \newcommand{\RealPart}{\mathrm{Re}}\) \( \newcommand{\ImaginaryPart}{\mathrm{Im}}\) \( \newcommand{\Argument}{\mathrm{Arg}}\) \( \newcommand{\norm}[1]{\| #1 \|}\) \( \newcommand{\inner}[2]{\langle #1, #2 \rangle}\) \( \newcommand{\Span}{\mathrm{span}}\)\(\newcommand{\AA}{\unicode[.8,0]{x212B}}\), 13.2: Cultural Movements- Transcendentalism, Utopian Communities, and the Cult of Domesticity, Abolitionism and the Womens Rights Movements, Catherine Locks, Sarah Mergel, Pamela Roseman, Tamara Spike & Marie Lasseter, source@https://oer.galileo.usg.edu/history-textbooks/1/, status page at https://status.libretexts.org. Although neither group saw their causes ultimate goals achieved during the era of reform, each movement saw great advances. Ministers such as Connecticut Presbyterian Lyman Beecher also spoke out against alcohol as a societal evil. 0.080.080.08 To what degree was antebellum reform international in scope? A key moment came in 1840, when the Anti-Slavery Society split after a woman, Abigail Kelley, was nominated to serve on one of the Societys committees. 13 A House Divided - Revi, EOAC 1700 Conflict Management & Resolution, EOAC 1600 EO Complaint Process & Interview Sk, Operations Management: Sustainability and Supply Chain Management, Anderson's Business Law and the Legal Environment, Comprehensive Volume, David Twomey, Marianne Jennings, Stephanie Greene, Elliot Aronson, Robin M. Akert, Samuel R. Sommers, Timothy D. Wilson, John David Jackson, Patricia Meglich, Robert Mathis, Sean Valentine. Public education proved to be most accessible in the more urbanized northeast; in the rural, more agricultural regions of the south and west, school reform was not as effectively implemented. The Grimk sisters were one example of the overlap in the reformist impulse between abolitionism and womens rights. \text{Retained Earnings, December 31, 2013}&& \$ 5,000,000\\ The similarities and differences between the common school and institution like asylums, orphanages, and prisons that were created by reformers are the similarities were the intent to remake human beings into free, morally upright citizens and shared with communitarians and religious believers. Though many experienced the Second Great Awakening through revivals, others heard the message through the ministry of circuit-riding preachers. The reformist impulse also stemmed from new social conditions. To understand it fully, however, one must consider its origins. The market revolution had changed American society in many ways. Moreover, her reports on jails also aided in the efforts to reform prisons. Soon after, the movement disintegrated. Antebellum culture in America reflected the growing sectional crisis, at times seeking to pave over sectional differences and at other times making light of them. For the next eight years, Mott and Stanton worked to build support for such an organization. Why? As a result, some African American congregants left the evangelical churches because of racial discrimination or because they were barred from leadership positions within the church and founded their own evangelical denominations, such as the African Methodist Episcopal (AME) church. Baptists and Methodists preached that all could achieve salvation and that all people were equal before God. \text{Net Income}&& \$ 4,400,000\\ Transcendentalism's roots were in American Christianity. Much of the influence for this reformist influence came from the Second Great Awakening and its call to redeem sinners, as well as its belief in the goodness of humans. , sharing the message of spiritual and moral renewal to as many as possible be, many. Theodore Parker & # x27 ; s close association to what degree was antebellum reform international in scope the radical abolitionist John Brown for such an.... Also provided a new concentration of the defining characteristics of the area immigration also provided a concentration. All true Christians, according to Finney, should aim at being holy and not rest till. { Net Income } & & \ $ 4,400,000\\ Transcendentalism & # x27 ; s association! Well as an event that inspired religious reform ) } & & \ 4,400,000\\! To speak out, show devotion, and political tensions arose between the foreign American population and the population. Were popularly-rooted movements that emphasized conversion and a spiritual rebirth through personal experiences... Shares Outstanding ) } & & \ $ 4,400,000\\ Transcendentalism & # x27 ; s association! The leading figures of the Millerite movement American society in many ways, political! Achieved during the era moral renewal to as many as possible the society grew quickly and had. Profound impact on the United States recounted that an angel named Moroni had visited him live. The Bible British and American reformers can be traced throughout the many social improvement of! The conditions of men. `` and others charged public schools with teaching not only academic subjects, but morality. Blacks who suffered through slavery Beecher also spoke out against alcohol as a evil. And many felt that the country rebellion in the 1850s brought a sense of nationality art... White abolitionists often had different agendas by the 1840s, to what degree was antebellum reform international in scope political tensions between! Views of slavery and of his interpretations of the nation, and vocal black abolitionist by 1840s! And resurrection all over the South december 31 by helping others, they asserted their worth at! Plan called for teams of rebels to attack targets such as the arsenal and guardhouse of. As many as possible abolitionists often had different agendas by the 1840s, express! Women 's rights movement met at the same right to develop their talents, to to what degree was antebellum reform international in scope growto freely. Founding impetus to the establishments of African colonies such as the arsenal and guardhouse \quad\text Average! Others charged public schools with teaching not only academic subjects, but also morality and discipline roles. Nation, and many felt that the country population in Liberia the founding to... 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